Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun

The Muqaddimah is a book written by Ibn Khaldun in 1377 AD as an introduction to his monumental work, Kitāb al-ʿIbar (The full title of the book is Kitāb al-ʿIbar, wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʾ wa-l-Khabar fī Ayyām al-ʿArab wa-l-ʿAjam wa-l-Barbar, wa-man ʿĀṣarahum min Dhawī al-Sulṭān al-Akbar). The Muqaddimah was later considered a separate encyclopedic work, as it addresses all fields of knowledge, including Sharia, history, geography, economics, urban planning, sociology, politics, and medicine. In it, he discussed human conditions, the differences in their natures, and the impact of the environment on humans. He also studied the development of nations and peoples, the rise of states, and the causes of their collapse, focusing on the concept of 'asabiyyah (group solidarity) in his interpretation. With this book, Ibn Khaldun preceded other thinkers in many opinions and ideas, even being considered the founder of sociology, thus predating the French philosopher Auguste Comte.